Endothelial cells line the inside of every blood vessel in the body. They form a one-cell-thick layer called the endothelium, which is also found on the inner walls of the heart chambers and lymphatic vessels, which carry excess blood plasma…
Adenosine triphosphate, also known as ATP, is a molecule that carries energy within cells. It is the main energy currency of the cell, and it is an end product of the processes of photophosphorylation (adding a phosphate group to a…
Improving the appearance of broken capillaries with light therapy Broken capillaries are tiny blood vessels that have burst under the skin and are especially noticeable in the nose area or other regions of the face. The red veins take on…
A laceration is defined as a tearing or rupturing of soft tissue, such as the skin. The term laceration implies a torn or jagged wound. Lacerations tend to be caused by sharp objects. The term ‘gash’ can be used for…
It’s one of life’s inevitables – your skin will age! Common skin changes that appear gradually as you age include age spots, freckles, discoloured blotches, wrinkles, sallowness, roughness, very dry skin and leathery toughness. Some people develop scaly patches, skin…
Dogs may bite in defence of themselves, their territory, or a member of their pack. Mother dogs will fiercely protect their puppies as well. Startling a dog, such as waking one up or a child suddenly approaching from behind, can…
Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common type of arthritis, affects the feet of one in six people over the age of 50. With rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the most common type of inflammatory autoimmune arthritis, more than 90 percent of patients develop…
Emergency colic surgery is commonly performed to correct a variety of abdominal problems in horses that don’t respond to standard medical treatment. Horses may have severe feed or sand impactions, twisted bowel, enterolithes and many other intestinal problems that require…
Loose, sagging skin on and around the neck can be a major cause of concern. Also unflatteringly referred to as ‘turkey neck’, it occurs when your neck muscles begin weakening and your skin loses its elasticity, or ability to stretch…
Depending on the type and extent of surgery one undergoes, the healing time can be anything from mere days to months. Factors that play a role in surgical wound healing include: any pre-existing medical conditions such as diabetes, how fastidious…
